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In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, mood, voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case. The inflection of verbs is also called ''conjugation'', and the inflection of nouns, adjectives and pronouns is also called ''declension''. An inflection expresses one or more grammatical categories with a prefix, suffix or infix, or another internal modification such as a vowel change. For example, the Latin verb ''ducam'', meaning "I will lead", includes the suffix ''-am'', expressing person (first), number (singular), and tense (future). The use of this suffix is an inflection. In contrast, in the English clause "I will lead", the word ''lead'' is not inflected for any of person, number, or tense; it is simply the bare form of a verb. The inflected form of a word often contains both a free morpheme (a unit of meaning which can stand by itself as a word), and a bound morpheme (a unit of meaning which cannot stand alone as a word). For example, the English word ''cars'' is a noun that is inflected for number, specifically to express the plural; the content morpheme ''car'' is unbound because it could stand alone as a word, while the suffix ''-s'' is bound because it cannot stand alone as a word. These two morphemes together form the inflected word ''cars''. Words that are never subject to inflection are said to be invariant; for example, the English verb ''must'' is an invariant item: it never takes a suffix or changes form to signify a different grammatical category. Its categories can be determined only from its context. Requiring the inflections of more than one word in a sentence to be compatible according to the rules of the language is known as concord or agreement. For example, in "the choir sings", "choir" is a singular noun, so "sing" is constrained in the present tense to use the third person singular suffix "s". Languages that have some degree of inflection are synthetic languages. These can be highly inflected, such as Latin, Greek, and Sanskrit, or weakly inflected, such as English. Languages that are so inflected that a sentence can consist of a single highly inflected word (such as many American Indian languages) are called polysynthetic languages. Languages in which each inflection conveys only a single grammatical category, such as Finnish, are known as agglutinative languages, while languages in which a single inflection can convey multiple grammatical roles (such as both nominative case and plural, as in Latin and German) are called fusional. Languages such as Mandarin Chinese that never use inflections are called analytic or isolating. ==Examples in English== In English most nouns are inflected for number with the inflectional plural affix ''-s'' (as in "dog" → "dog-s"), and most English verbs are inflected for tense with the inflectional past tense affix ''-ed'' (as in "call" → "call-ed"). English also inflects verbs by affixation to mark the third person singular in the present tense (with ''-s''), and the present participle (with ''-ing''). English short adjectives are inflected to mark comparative and superlative forms (with ''-er'' and ''-est'' respectively). In addition, English also shows inflection by ablaut (sound change, mostly in verbs) and umlaut (a particular type of sound change, mostly in nouns), as well as long-short vowel alternation. For example: * ''Write, wrote, written'' (marking by ablaut variation, and also suffixing in the participle) * ''Sing, sang, sung'' (ablaut) * ''Foot, feet'' (marking by umlaut variation) * ''Mouse, mice'' (umlaut) * ''Child, children'' (ablaut, and also suffixing in the plural) For details, see English plural, English verbs, and English irregular verbs. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Inflection」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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